Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is defined by the Mayo Clinic as a type of depression related to changes in seasons. Symptoms typically begin in the fall and continue into the winter months, when many people report having less energy and feeling moody.
Trond Harman, a therapist and Licensed Clinical Social Worker at Keystone Pediatrics Chambersburg, discussed the causes, symptoms and treatment options for SAD.
In Pennsylvania, Groundhog Day traditions involving Punxsutawney Phil date back to around February 2, 1840. According to legend, if the groundhog sees his shadow, there will be six more weeks of winter; if not, spring will come early. For many people, the extended winter season can coincide with symptoms of seasonal affective disorder.
Symptoms
Symptoms of SAD begin and end at about the same times each year. The condition is commonly associated with fall and winter months, particularly after the holiday season, but it can occur at any time of year. Individuals who already experience depression may notice worsening symptoms during seasonal changes.
Common symptoms include:
- Feeling listless, sad or down most days
- Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed
- Low energy or sluggishness
- Sleeping too much
- Changes in appetite, including carbohydrate cravings
- Weight gain or overeating
- Difficulty concentrating
- Feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness or guilt
- Thoughts of not wanting to live
People who experience SAD in the spring or summer may report:
- Insomnia
- Poor appetite
- Weight loss
- Agitation or anxiety
- Increased irritability
Complications can include social withdrawal, school or work problems, substance use, other mental health issues and suicidal thoughts or behaviors.
Causes and Risk Factors
One cause of SAD is a disruption to the body’s circadian rhythm due to decreased sunlight. Sunlight helps regulate serotonin, which supports mood, focus and calmness. Seasonal changes can also disrupt melatonin levels, affecting sleep patterns.
Risk factors include:
- A family history of SAD or other forms of depression
- Major depression or bipolar disorder
- Living far north or south of the equator, where winter days are shorter
- Low levels of vitamin D, which is produced when skin is exposed to sunlight and can help boost serotonin activity
Treatment
There is no known way to prevent SAD, but early management may help prevent symptoms from worsening. Spending time outdoors in sunlight and increasing natural light indoors may improve symptoms.
Light therapy using a special lamp has been shown to be effective. LED (light-emitting diode) light therapy is a non-invasive treatment that can help regulate melatonin and serotonin levels. Antidepressant medications may also be recommended by healthcare providers, either alone or in combination with light therapy.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a form of talk therapy, has been shown to be effective and may provide long-lasting benefits.
Vitamin D supplements may also help improve symptoms. Individuals should consult a healthcare provider before beginning supplements or other treatments.
If symptoms become unmanageable or a person is in crisis, they should call 9-1-1 or 9-8-8 for immediate assistance.
This article contains general information only and should not be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis, treatment or care by a qualified health care provider.
Photo credits to Keystone Health
